The Health Effects of Cocaine
Short-Term
and Long-Term Effects
Cocaine can be snorted, injected and even smoked in some forms of the drug.
In all cases cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant which affects
the brain’s processing of dopamine.
Short-Term Effects
When cocaine is used it interferes with the reabsorption of dopamine, a brain
chemical associated with pleasure and movement, producing a euphoric effect.
Shortly after cocaine is ingested the user may experience the following symptoms:
· Constricted blood vessels.
· Dilated pupils.
· Increased body temperature.
· Increased heart rate.
· Higher blood pressure.
During the euphoric period after cocaine use, which can last up until 30 minutes,
user will experience hyper-stimulation, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness.
However, some users also experience restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.
During a cocaine binge, when the drug is taken repeatedly, users may experience
increasing restlessness, irritability and paranoia.
For some users this can lead to a period of paranoid psychosis, with auditory
hallucinations and a disconnection with reality.
Long-Term Effects
Repeated cocaine use can cause the following health consequences:
· Irregular heart beat.
· Heart attack.
· Chest pain.
· Respiratory failure.
· Stroke.
· Seizures and headaches.
· Abdominal pain and nausea.
Chronic users of cocaine can become malnourished due to the drug’s ability
to decrease appetite. Each method of taking cocaine can produce specific health
effects, including:
· Snorting: Chronically runny nose, nosebleeds, loss of smell, hoarseness,
and problems swallowing.
· Ingesting: Severe bowel gangrene due to a reduction in the flow of
blood to the intestines.
· Injecting: Severe allergic reactions. Increased risk for contracting
HIV, Hepatitis and other blood-borne diseases.
Overdose
Although cocaine overdose is not common, it can occur and can be fatal. Because
cocaine affects the heart and respiratory system, an overdose can cause death,
especially when the drug is injected or smoked.
An overdose of cocaine can lead to:
· Irregular heart beat or heart failure.
· High blood pressure resulting in a brain hemorrhage.
· Repeated convulsions.
· Respiratory failure.
Addiction
Cocaine is highly addictive and those who smoke cocaine appear to develop an
addiction to the drug more rapidly that those who snort it. However, even those
who snort cocaine can find themselves addicted.
Cocaine users report that they are never able to achieve the “high”
they felt the first time that they used the drug. A tolerance to the drug is
developed so that the euphoric feeling users get is not as intense nor does
it last as long.
When cocaine is injected, the euphoric feeling can last from 15 to 30 minutes,
but when it is smoked, in may last only five to 10 minutes, causing the user
to use more cocaine more often to try to maintain that high.
Withdrawal
When cocaine users stop using cocaine, or when they end a cocaine binge, they
immediately experience a “crash” which includes depression, fatigue,
lack of pleasure, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness and a strong craving for
more cocaine.
Some people experience agitation and extreme suspicion when they quit using
cocaine, but cocaine withdrawal usually does not have visible physical symptoms
like vomiting, chills and tremors that occur with the withdrawal of other drugs.
Sources: MedlinePlus • Office of National Drug Control Policy •
National Institute on Drug Abuse
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